هَدْيُهُ صلى الله عليه وسلم في الصَّلاَةِ [1]
أ - هَدْيُهُ صلى الله عليه وسلم في الاِسْتِفْتَاحِ والْقِرَاءَةِ:
1- كان إذا قام إلى الصلاة قال: "اللهُ أكْبَرُ"، ولم يقل شيئًا قبلها، ولا تَلَفَّظَ بالنِّيةِ الْبَتَّةَ.
2- وكان
يرفعُ يديه معها ممدودتي الأصابعِ مستقبلا بهما القبلةَ إلى فروع
أُذْنَيْهِ - وإلى مِنْكَبَيْهِ - ثم يضعُ اليُمْنَى على ظهرِ اليُسْرَى.
3-
وكان يستفتحُ تارةً بـ ((اللَّهُمَّ بَاعِدْ بَيْنِي وَبَيْنَ خَطَايَايَ
كَمَا بَاعَدْتَ بَيْنَ المَشْرِقِ والمَغْرِبِ، اللَّهُمَّ اغْسِلْنِي
مِنْ خَطَايَايَ بالماءِ والثَّلْجِ والْبَردِ، اللَّهُمَّ نَقِّنِي مِنَ
الذُّنُوبِ والخَطَايَا كَمَا يُنَقَّى الثَّوْبُ الأَبْيَضُ مِنَ
الدَّنَسِ)).
وتارة يقول: ((وَجَّهْتُ وَجْهِيَ
لِلَّذِي فَطَرَ السَّمَاواتِ والأرْضَ حَنِيفًا مُسْلِمًا وَمَا أَنَا
مِنَ المُشْرِكِينَ، إِنَّ صَلاَتِي وَنُسُكِي وَمَحْيَايَ وَمَمَاتِي للهِ
رَبِّ العَالَمِينَ، لاَ شَرِيكَ لَهُ، وَبِذَلِكَ أُمِرْتُ، وَأَنَا
أَوَّلُ المُسْلِمِيْنَ)).
4- وكان يقول بعد الاستفتاح: ((أَعُوذُ باللهِ مِنَ الشَّيْطَانِ الرَّجِيمِ)) ثم يقرأ الفاتحة.
5- وكان له سكتتانِ: سكتةٌ بين التكبيرةِ والقراءةِ، واختُلِفَ في الثانيةِ، فرُوي أنها بعدَ الفاتحة ورُوي أنها قبلَ الركوعِ.
6-
فإذا فرغَ من قراءةِ الفاتحةِ أخذَ في سورةٍ غَيْرِها، وكان يُطيلُها
تارةً، ويخففها لعارض من سَفَرٍ أو غيرِه، ويتوسَّطُ فيها غالبًا.
7- وكان يقرأ في الفجرِ بنحوِ ستينَ آيةً إلى مائة، وصلاَها بسورةِ (ق)، وصلاَها بسورة (الروم)، وصلاَها بسورة ﴿ إِذَا الشَّمْسُ كُوِّرَتْ ﴾ [التكوير: 1]، وصلاَها بسورة: ﴿ إِذَا زُلْزِلَتِ الْأَرْضُ زِلْزَالَهَا
﴾ [الزلزلة: 1] في الركعتين كلتيهما، وصلاها بـ(المعوِّذَتَيْنِ)، وكان في
السفرِ، وصلاَها فاستفتح سورةَ (المؤمنون) حتى إذا بَلَغَ ذِكْرَ موسى
وهارونَ في الركعةِ الأُولى أخذتهُ سَعْلَةٌ فَرَكَعَ.
8 - وكان يُصليها يومَ الجمعةِ بـ ﴿ الم ﴾ [السجدة: 1]، ﴿ وهَلْ أَتَى عَلَى الْإِنْسَانِ ﴾ [الإنسان: 1].
9 - وأما الظهر فكان يُطيلُ قراءتَها أحيانًا، وأما العصر فعلى النصف مِنْ قراءةِ الظهرِ إذا طالت، وبقدْرِها إذا قَصُرَت.
10 - وأما المغرب فَصَلاَها مرةً بـ (الطورِ)، ومرة بـ (المُرْسَلاَتِ).
11- وأما العشاء فقرأ فيها بـ ﴿ وَالتِّينِ ﴾ [التين: 1]، ووقَّت لمعاذ فيها بـ ﴿ وَالشَّمْسِ وَضُحَاهَا ﴾ [الشمس: 1]، ﴿ وسَبِّحِ اسْمَ رَبِّكَ الْأَعْلَى ﴾ [الأعلى: 1]، و﴿ وَاللَّيْلِ إِذَا يَغْشَى ﴾ [الليل: 1]، ونحوها، وأنْكَرَ عليه قراءتَهُ فيها بـ (البقرة).
12-
وكان مِنْ هَدْيِهِ قراءةُ السورة كاملةً، وربما قرأَها في الركعتينِ،
وربما قرأَ أوَّلَ السورةِ، وأمَّا قراءة أواخرِ السورة وأوساطِها، فلم
يُحْفَطَ عنه.
وأما قراءةُ السورتين في ركعةٍ فكان يفعله
في النافلةِ، وأما قراءةُ سورةٍ واحدةٍ في الركعتين معًا فَقَلَّمَا كان
يفعله، وكان لا يُعَيِّنُ سورةً في الصَّلاةِ بِعَيْنِها لا يقرأُ إلا بها،
إلاَ في الجمعةِ والعيدينِ.
13-
وَقَنَتَ في الفجرِ بَعْدَ الركوعِ شهرًا ثم تَرَكَ، وكان قنوتُه لعارضٍ،
فَلَمَّا زالَ تَرَكَهُ، فكان هَدْيه القنوتُ في النوازِلِ خاصةً، ولم
يَكُنْ يَخُصُّه بالفجرِ.
ب - هَدْيُهُ صلى الله عليه وسلم في كيْفِيَّةِ الصَّلاةِ[2]:
1- كان يُطِيْلُ الركعةَ الأولى على الثانيةِ مِنْ كُلِّ صَلاَةٍ.
2-
وكان إذا فرغَ من القراءةِ سَكَتَ بقدر ما يَتَرادُّ إليه نَفَسُه ثم رفعَ
يَدَيْهِ وَكَبَّرَ رَاكِعًا، ووضعَ كَفَّيه على رُكبتيه كالقابض عليهما،
ووتَّر يديه فَنَحَّاهُمَا على جَنْبَيْهِ، وبَسَط ظهره وَمَدَّه واعتدل
فلم يَنْصِبْ رأسه ولم يَخْفِضْه، بل حيالَ ظَهْرِهِ.
3-
وكان يَقُولُ: ((سُبْحَانَ رَبِّيَ الْعَظِيمِ)) وتارةً يقولُ في ذلك:
((سُبْحَانَكَ اللَّهُمَّ رَبَّنَا وَبِحَمْدِكَ، اللَّهُمَّ اغْفِرْ
لِي))، وكان يقول أيضًا: ((سُبُّوحٌ قُدُّوسٌ رَبُّ المَلائِكَةِ
والرُّوحِ)).
4-
وكان ركُوعُه المعتادُ مقدارَ عشر تسبيحاتٍ، وسجوده كذلك، وتارةً يجعل
الركوعَ والسجودَ بقدرِ القيامِ، ولكن كان يفعلهُ أحيانًا في صلاةِ الليلِ
وحدَه، فَهَدْيُه الغالبُ في الصَّلاةِ تعديلُ الصَّلاة وتناسبُها.
5-
وكان يرفعُ رأسه قائلاً: ((سَمِعَ اللهُ لِمَنْ حَمِدَهُ))، وَيَرْفَعُ
يديه ويقيم صُلْبَهُ، وكذلك إذا رَفَعَ رَأْسَهُ مِنَ السجودِ، وقال: ((لاَ
تُجْزِئُ صَلاَةٌ لاَ يُقِيمُ فِيهَا الرَّجُلُ صُلْبَهُ في الرُّكُوعِ
وَالسُّجُودِ))، فإذا استوى قال: ((رَبَّنَا وَلَكَ الحَمْدُ))، وربما قال:
((رَبَّنَا لَكَ الحَمْدُ))، وربما قال: ((اللَّهُمَّ رَبَّنَا لك
الحَمْدُ)).
6 -
وكانَ يطيلُ هَذَا الرُّكْنَ بِقَدْرِ الرُّكُوعِ، ويقول فيه:
((اللَّهُمَّ رَبَّنَا وَلَكَ الحَمْدُ مِلْءَ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَمِلْءَ
الأَرْضِ، وَمِلْءَ مَا بَيْنَهُمَا، وَمِلْءَ مَا شِئْتَ مِنْ شَيءٍ
بَعْدُ، أَهْلَ الثَّنَاءِ وَالمجدِ، أَحَقُّ مَا قَالَ الْعَبْدُ،
وَكُلُّنَا لَكَ عَبْدٌ، لاَ مَانِعَ لِمَا أَعْطَيْتَ وَلاَ مُعْطِيَ
لِمَا مَنَعْتَ، وَلاَ يَنْفَعُ ذَا الجَدِّ مِنْكَ الجدُّ)).
7 -
ثم كان يُكَبِّرُ وَيَخِرُّ ساجدًا، ولا يرفعُ يَدَيْهِ، وكان يضعُ
رُكْبَتَيْهِ ثم يديه بَعْدَهُمَا، ثم جَبْهَتَهُ وأَنْفَه، وكان يسجدُ على
جبهتِهِ وأنفِه دُوْنَ كَوْرِ العِمَامَةِ، وكانَ يَسْجُدُ على الأرضِ
كثيرًا، وعلى الماءِ والطِّينِ، وعلى الخُمْرَةِ[3] المُتَّخَذَةِ مِنْ خُوص النخلِ، وعلى الحصيرِ المتخذ منه، وعلى الفَرْوَةِ المَدْبُوغَةِ.
8 - وكان إذا سجدَ مَكَّن جبهته وأنفه من الأرضِ، ونحَّى يديه عن جَنْبَيْهِ، وجافاهما حتى يُرى بياضُ إِبْطَيْهِ.
9 -
وكان يضعُ يده حَذْوَ مِنْكَبَيْهِ وأُذُنيه ويعتدلُ في سجوده، ويستقبلُ
بأطرافِ أصابعِ رِجْلَيْهِ القبلةَ، ويَبْسُط كَفَّيْهِ وأصابعه، ولا
يُفَرِّج بينُهما ولا يقبضهُمَا.
10 -
وكان يقول: ((سُبْحَانَكَ اللهُمَّ رَبَّنَا وبِحَمْدِكَ، اللَّهُمَّ
اغْفِرْلِي))، ويقول: ((سُبُّوحٌ قُدُّوسٌ رَبُّ المَلاَئكةِ والرُّوحِ)).
11 -
ثم يرفعُ رأسَهُ مُكَبِّرًا غيرَ رافعٍ يَدَيْهِ، ثم يجلسُ مُفْتَرِشًا
يَفْرِشُ اليُسْرَى ويجلسُ عليها، وَيَنْصِبُ اليُمنى، ويضعُ يديه علَى
فَخِذَيْهِ، ويجعل مِرْفَقَيْهِ على فَخذَيْهِ، وطرف يده على رُكْبَتِهِ،
ويقبضُ اثنتينِ مِنْ أَصابِعه ويُحَلِّقُ حَلْقَةً، ثم يرفعُ أُصبعه يدعو
بها ويُحَرِّكها، ثم يقول: ((اللَّهُمَّ اغْفِرْ لي، وارْحَمْنِي،
وَاجْبُرنِي، وَاهْدِنِي، وَارْزُقْنِي)).
12 - وكان هَدْيُهُ صلى الله عليه وسلم إطالةَ هذا الركنِ بِقَدْرِ السُّجُودِ.
13 -
ثم ينهضُ عَلَى صُدُورِ قدميه، مُعتمدًا على فخذيه، فإذا نَهَضَ افتتحَ
القراءةَ، ولم يسكت كما يسكُتُ عند الاستفتاحِ، ثم يصلي الثانيةَ كالأولى
إِلاَ في أربعةِ أشياءَ: السكوتِ، والاستفتاحِ، وتكبيرةِ الإحرامِ،
وتطويلها فكان يطيلُ الركعةَ الأُولى على الثانيةِ، وربما كان يطيلُها حتى
لا يسمع وَقْعَ قَدَمٍ.
14 - فإذا
جَلَسَ للتشهدِ وضعَ يده اليُسْرَى على فخذه الأيسر، ويَدَهُ اليُمْنَى
على فخذه الأيمن، وأشار بالسَّبَّابَةِ، وكان لا يَنْصِبُها نصبًا، ولا
يُنيمها، بل يَحنيها شيئًا يسيرًا ويحركها، ويقبض الخِنْصَر والِبنْصَر،
ويُحَلِّقُ الوسطَى مع الإبهامِ، ويرفعُ السَّبَّابَةَ يدعو بها ويرمي
ببصَرِهِ إليها.
15 -
وكان يتشهدُ دائمًا في هذه الجِلْسَةِ ويُعَلِّمُ أصحَابَهُ أن يقولوا:
((التَّحِيَّاتُ للهِ وَالصَّلَواتُ والطَّيِّبَاتُ، السَّلاَمُ عَلَيْكَ
أَيُّها النَّبِيُّ وَرَحْمَةُ اللهِ وبَرَكَاتُهُ، السَّلاَمُ عَلَيْنَا
وَعَلَى عِبَادِ اللهِ الصَّالِحِينَ، أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لاَ إِلَهَ إِلاَ
اللهُ، وأَشْهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا عَبْدُهُ وَرَسُولُهُ)) [ق] وكان
يُخَفِّفُه جدًّا كأنه يُصَلِّي على الرَّضَفِ - وهي الحجارة المحماة - ثم
كان ينهضُ مُكَبِّرًا على صُدُورِ قدميه وعلى رُكْبَتَيْهِ مُعْتَمِدًا على
فخذيه، وكان يرفعُ يَدَهُ في هذا الموضعِ، ثم يقرأ الفاتحةَ وحدَها، وربما
قرأ في الركعتينِ الأُخْرَيينِ بشيءٍ فوقَ الفاتحةِ.
16 - وكان صلى الله عليه وسلم إذا جلسَ في التشهدِ الأخيرِ، جَلَسَ مُتَوَرِّكًا[4]، وكان يُفْضِي بِوَرِكِهِ إلى الأرضِ، ويُخْرِجُ قَدَمَهُ مِنْ ناحيةٍ واحدةٍ. [د].
ويجعلِ اليُسْرَى تَحْتَ فَخِذِه وساقِه وينصبُ اليُمْنَى، وَرُبَّما فَرَشَها أَحْيَانًا.
ووضعَ يَدَهُ اليُمْنَى على فخذه اليُمنَى، وَضَمَّ أَصَابِعَهُ الثلاث ونَصَبَ السَّبَّابة.
وكان يَدْعُو في صلاته فيقول:
((اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي أَعُوذُ بِكَ مِنْ عَذَابِ الْقَبْرِ، وَأَعُوذُ بِكَ
مِنْ فِتْنَةِ الْمَسِيْحِ الدَّجَّالِ، وَأَعُوذُ بِكَ مِنْ فِتنَةِ
المحيَا والمماتِ، اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي أَعُوذُ بِكَ مِنَ المأثَمِ
والمَغْرَمِ))[5].
ثم كان يُسَلِّمُ عَنْ يمينه: السلامُ عَلَيْكُمْ وَرَحْمَةُ اللهِ، وَعَنْ يَسَارِهِ كذلك.
17 -
وَأَمَرَ المصَلِّي أَنْ يَسْتَتِر وَلَوْ بسهمٍ أو عَصَا، وكان يُرَكِّزُ
الحربةَ في السَّفَرِ والبَرِيَّةِ فيُصَلِّي إليها فتكون سُتْرَتَهُ وكان
يَعْرِضُ راحِلَتَهُ فَيُصَلِّي إليها، وكان يأخذُ الرَّحْلَ فَيَعْدِلُه
ويُصَلِّي إلى آخِرَتِهِ.
18 -
وكان إذا صَلَّى إلى جدارٍ جَعَلَ بينه وبينه قَدْرَ مَمرِّ الشَّاةِ، ولم
يَكُنْ يتباعدُ مِنْهُ، بَلْ أَمَرَ بالقربِ مِنَ السُّتْرَةِ.
جـ - هَدْيُهُ صلى الله عليه وسلم في أفعاله في الصَّلاةِ[6]:
1- لم يكَنْ مِنْ هَدْيِه الالتفاتُ في الصَّلاةِ.
2- ولم يَكُنْ مِنْ هَدْيِهِ تغميضُ عَيْنَيْهِ في الصَّلاةِ.
3-
وكان إذا قامَ في الصلاةِ طَأطَأَ رَأْسَهُ، وكان يدخلُ في الصلاةِ وهو
يريدُ إطالتَها فيسمعُ بكاءَ الصبيِّ فيخفِّفُهَا مخافَةَ أَنْ يَشُقَّ على
أُمِّهِ.
4 - وكان يُصَلِّي الفرضَ وهو حاملٌ أُمَامَةَ بنتَ ابنتِه على عاتقه، إذا قام حملها، وإذا ركعَ وسجدَ وضعَها.
5 - وكان يُصَلِّي فيجيءُ الحسنُ أَو الحسينُ فيركبُ ظهرَه، فيطيلُ السجدةَ كراهيةَ أَنْ يُلْقِيَه عَنْ ظَهْرِهِ.
6 - وكان يصلي فتجيءُ عائشةُ فيمشي فيفتح لها البابَ، ثُمَّ يرجِعُ إلى مُصَلاَهُ.
7- وكان يردُّ السلامَ في الصلاةِ بالإشارةِ.
8 - وكان ينفخُ في صلاتِهِ، وكان يبكي فيها، ويَتنَحْنح لحاجةٍ.
9 - وكان يصلي حافيًا تارةً، ومنتعلاً أخرى، وأَمَرَ بالصلاة في النَّعل مخالفةً لليهودِ.
10 - وكان يُصَلِّي في الثَّوبِ الواحدِ تارةً وفي الثوبينِ تارةً وهو أكثر.
د- هَدْيُهُ صلى الله عليه وسلم في أَفْعَالِهِ بَعْدَ الصَّلاةِ[7]:
1- كان
إذا سَلَّم استغفرَ ثلاثًا، ثم قال: ((اللَّهُمَّ أَنْتَ السَّلامُ
وَمِنْكَ السَّلاَمُ تَبَارَكْتَ يَا ذَا الجَلالِ والإِكْرَامِ))، ولم
يمكثُ مُسْتَقْبِلَ القِبلةَ إلاَ مقدارَ ما يقولُ ذلك، بَلْ يسرعُ
الانتقالَ إلى المأمومينَ، وكان يَنْفَتِلُ عَنْ يمينه وعن يساره.
2- وكان إذا صَلَّى الفجرَ جَلَسَ في مُصَلاَّهُ حتى تَطْلُعَ الشمسُ.
3 -
وكان يقولُ دُبُرَ كُلِّ صلاةٍ مكتوبة: ((لاَ إلهَ إلاَ اللهُ، وَحدَهُ
لاَ شَرِيْكَ لَهُ، لَهُ المُلْكُ وَلَهُ الحَمْدُ وَهُوَ عَلَى كُلِّ شيءٍ
قَدِيرٌ، اللَّهُمَّ لاَ مانعَ لِمَا أَعْطَيْتَ، وَلاَ مُعْطِيَ لِمَا
مَنَعْتَ ولا يَنْفَعُ ذَا الجَدِّ مِنْكَ الجَدِّ))، ((ولاَ حَوْلَ ولاَ
قُوَّةَ إلاَ باللهِ، لاَ إِلَهَ إِلاَ اللهُ، وَلاَ نَعْبُدُ إِلاَ إياهُ،
لَهُ النِّعْمَةُ وَلَهُ الفَضْلُ، وَلَهُ الثَّنَاءُ الْحَسَنُ، لاَ إلهَ
إلاَ اللهُ، مُخْلِصِينَ لَهُ الدِّينَ وَلَوْ كَرِهَ الْكَافِرُونَ)).
4 -
وَنَدَبَ أُمَّته أَنْ يقولوا دُبُرَ كُلِّ صلاةٍ مكتوبةٍ: ((سبحانَ
اللهِ)) ثلاثًا وثلاثين، و((الحمدُ للهِ)) ثلاثًا وثلاثين، و((اللهُ
أكبرُ)) ثلاثًا وثلاثين، وتمامُ المائةِ: ((لا إلهَ إلاَ اللهُ وَحْدَهُ
لاَ شَرِيْكَ لَهُ، لَهُ المُلْكُ وَلَهُ الحَمْدُ وَهُوَ عَلَى كُلِّ
شَيْءٍ قَديرٌ)).
هـ - هَدْيُهُ صلى الله عليه وسلم في التَّطوُّعِ وَقِيَامِ اللَّيْلِ[8]:
1- كان يُصَلِّي عامةَ السننِ والتطوعِ الذي لا سببَ له في بيتِه، لا سيما سنةَ المغربِ.
2-
وكان يحافظُ على عَشْرِ ركعاتٍ في الحَضَرِ دائمًا: ركعتينِ قَبْلَ الظهرِ،
وركعتينِ بعدَها، وركعتينِ بعد المغربِ، وركعتينِ بعد العِشاءِ في بيته،
وركعتينِ قَبْلَ صلاةِ الفجرِ.
3-
وكانت محافظتُه على سنةِ الفجرِ أشد مِنْ جميعِ النوافلِ، ولم يَكُنْ
يَدَعُها هي والوتر، لا حَضَرًا ولاَ سَفَرًا، ولم يُنْقَل أنه صَلَّى في
السفرِ راتبةً غَيْرَهما.
4- وكان يضطجعُ بعد سنةِ الفجرِ على شِقه الأيمنِ.
5- وكان يُصَلِّي أحيانًا قبل الظهر أربعًا، ولما فاتته الركعتانِ بعد الظهرِ قضاها بعد العصرِ.
6- وكان أكثرُ صلاتِه بالليل قائمًا، وربما يصلِّي قاعِدًا، وربما يقرأ قاعدًا فإذا بَقِي يسيرٌ مِنْ قِرَاءته قامَ فركعَ قائمًا.
7 -
وكان يُصلي ثماني ركعاتٍ، يُسَلِّمُ بعد كُلِّ ركعتين، ثم يُوتِرُ بخمسٍ
سَرْدًا متوالياتٍ، لا يجلسُ إلاَ فِي آخِرِهنَّ، أَوْ يُوتِرُ بتسعِ
ركعاتٍ يَسْرِدُ منهن ثمانيًا لا يجلس إلا في الثامنةِ، ثم ينهضُ ولا يسلم،
ثم يصلي التاسعة، ثم يقعدُ فيتشهدُ ويسلمُ، ثم يصلي بعدها ركعتينِ بعد ما
يُسَلِّمُ، أو يُوتِرُ بسبعٍ كالتِّسْعِ المذكورةِ ثم يُصَلِّي بعدها
ركعتين جالسًا.
8 - وكان يُوتِرُ أوَّل الليلِ ووسطَهُ وآخِرَه، وقال: ((اجْعَلُوا آخِرَ صَلاَتِكُمْ باللَّيْلِ وِتْرًا)).
9 - وكانَ يُصَلِّي بَعْدَ الوِتْرِ ركعتينِ جالسًا تارةً وتارةً يقرأ فيهما جالسًا، فإذا أرادَ أَنْ يركعَ قامَ فَرَكَعَ.
10 - وكان إذا غلبه نومٌ أو وَجَعٌ صَلَّى من النهارِ اثنتي عشرةَ ركعةً.
11- وقام ليلةً بآيةٍ يتلوها ويردِّدُها حتى الصَّباحِ.
12- وكان يُسِرُّ بالقرآنِ في صلاة الليل تارةً، ويَجْهَرُ تارةً، ويطيلُ القيامَ تارةً، ويخفِّفُهُ تارةً.
13- وكان يقرأ في الوتر بـ ﴿ سَبِّحِ اسْمَ رَبِّكَ الْأَعْلَى ﴾ [الأعلى: 1]، ﴿ وقُلْ يَا أَيُّهَا الْكَافِرُونَ ﴾ [الكافرون: 1]، و﴿ قُلْ هُوَ اللَّهُ أَحَدٌ ﴾ [الإخلاص: 1]، فإذا سلم قال: ((سبحان الملك القدوس)) ثَلاَثَ مَرَّاتٍ، يَمدُّ صَوْتَهُ في الثَّالِثَةِ ويرفع.
[1] زاد المعاد (1/ 194).
[2] زاد المعاد (1/ 208).
[3] الخمرة: حصيرة صغيرة من السَّعَف.
[4] التورُّك:
تورَّك في الصلاة: وضع وَرِكَه اليمنى على رجله اليمنى منصوبة، مُصَوِّبًا
أطراف أصابعها إلى القبلة، وألصق وَرِكَهُ اليسرى بالأرض مُخْرجًا لرجله
اليسرى من جهة يمينه.
[5] المغرم: الدَّين الذي يعجز عن أدائه.
[6] زاد المعاد (1/ 241).
[7] زاد المعاد (1/ 285).
[8] زاد المعاد (1/ 311).
The Prophet's guidance regarding Salah [1]
A- The Prophet's guidance regarding the beginning of Salah and recitation:
1- When he wanted Salah, he said: "Allahu Akbar" and neither said something before it nor pronounced the intention.
2- He
used to raise his hand stretched and paralleled to his ears and
shoulders, facing the Qiblah, then put his right hand on the left.
3- He used to begin Salah with saying: "O
Allah, distance between me and my sins as wide apart between the east
and the west. O Allah, wash away my sins with water, snow, and hail. O
Allah, purify me of sins and faults as a white garment is purified from
dirt."
Sometimes he said: "I
have turned my face to the One who created the Heavens and the Earth as
a true Muslim and I was not one of the polytheists. Verily, my Salât (prayer),
my sacrifice, my living, and my dying are for Allâh, the Lord of the
‘Alamîn (mankind, jinn and all that exists). He has no partner. And of
this I have been commanded, and I am the first of Muslims."
4- He used to say after the beginning of Salah: "I seek refuge in Allah against the cursed Satan," then he would recite Surat Al Fatihah.
5- He used to pause twice: A pause between saying: "Allahu Akbar" and recitation and the second is controversial:
A- It was reported it was after the recitation of Al Fatihah.
B- It was reported it was before Ruku` (bowing).
6- When he finished the recitation of Surat Al Fatihah, he would recite another Surah which he would lengthen or shorten for a reason such as a travel or others, but in most cases he would choose a Surah of medium length.
7- He used to recite from 60 to 100 Ayahs in Salat Al Fajr (Dawn Prayer), sometimes he would recite Surat Qaf, sometimes he would recite Surat Ar-Rum, or Surat At-Takwir. Sometimes he would recite Surat Az-Zalzalah in both Rak`ahs or Al-Mu`awwidhatayn (Surahs Al-Falaq and Al-Nas) when he was on a journey, and with the beginning of Surat Al Mu'minun until he reached the mention of Moses and Aaron in the first Rak`ah and he had a cough which made him to bow down.
8- He used to perform Salah on Friday with Surat As-Sajdah and Surat Al Insan.
9- As for the Zhuhr Salah (the Noon Prayer), he would lengthen it. Moreover, he would recite the half portion of the recitation of Zhuhr.
10- As for the Maghrib Salah (Sunset Prayer), he would perform it with Surat At-Tur and once he recited Surat Al Mursalat.
11- As for the `Isha' Salah (Obligatory Night Prayer), he would recite Surat At-Tin and assigned for Mu`adh to recite Surat Ash-Shams, Al A`la, Al Layl, and of the like, whereas he (the Prophet) rebuked Mu`adh when he recited Surat Al Baqarah.
12- It was part of his Sunnah to recite a complete Surah and sometimes he would recite it split in both Rak`ahs. Sometimes, he would recite the beginning of the Surah, but was not reported from him that he recited from the middle or the last portion of the Surah.
As for reciting two Surahs in one Rak`ah, he used to do it in Nafilah Salah (supererogatory). As for reciting one Surah split on both Rak`ahs, he would do it rarely and did not use to specify a special Surah for a special Salah except in Friday and the Two `Ids (lesser and greater bairam).
13- He invoked Allah for one full month during the Fajr Salah
then stopped and he did that for a reason but when the reason was
removed, he stopped. Thus, it was part of his guidance, especially in
current events to invoke Allah in Salah and did not do it only in the Fajr Salah.
The Prophet's guidance (peace be upon him) regarding the performance of Salah[2]:
1- He used to lengthen the first Rak`ah more than the second in every Salah.
2- When he finished recitation, he would pause for awhile, raise his hand and say Takbir. Then he would catch his knees with his hands, set apart his arms from his sides, and spread his back and head in one line.
3- He used to say: "Glory be to Allah, the All-Mighty, the Ever-Magnificent" and another time he would say: "O Allah, glory be to You our Lord and praise be to You. O Allah, forgive my sins." He also used to say: "Glorified be Allah, the Lord of angels and the Ruh (i.e. Jibril)."
4- The time of his usual Ruku` (bowing) was as much as saying "Praise be to Allah" ten times and his prostration also was as such. Sometimes, he would make Ruku` (bowing) and prostration as long as standing up, but he used to do it alone in the supererogatory night Salah; hence his guidance was to perform Salah in moderation.
5- He used to lift his head saying: "May Allah answer he who praises Him." Then he would lift his hands and stand up straight and would do the same when he lifts his head from prostration. He said: "The Salah of a person will not be complete if he does not stand up straight after Ruku` (bowing) and prostration." When he stood up straight, he would say: "Our Lord, to You is all praise." Perhaps he said: "Our Lord, for you is all praise." Perhaps he said: "O Allah! our Lord for you is all praise."
6- He used to lengthen that pillar as long as Ruku` (bowing) is and would say: "O
Allah! our Lord to You is all praise. The heavens and the Earth and all
between them abound with Your praises, and all that You will abounds
with Your praises. O Possessor of praise and majesty, the truest thing a
slave has said (of You) and we are all Your slaves. O Allah, none can
prevent what You have willed to bestow and none can bestow what You have
willed to prevent, and no wealth or majesty can benefit anyone, as from
You is all wealth and majesty."
7- Then he used to pronounce Takbir and
prostrate without raising his hands. He would place his knees first
then his hands, forehead, and nose. He used to prostrate on his forehead
and nose and would lift the turban a little. He used to prostrate a lot
on the ground, on water, in mud, on Khumrah[3], on mats made of palm leaves, and on the leather.
8-
When he prostrated, he placed his forehead and nose on the ground and
separated between his arms and his sides until the whiteness of his
armpits was seen.
9- He used to place his hands on the ground and place his face in between. He would also direct his feet toes toward the Qiblah and spread his hands and fingers without separating nor drawing his fingers so close.
10- He used to say: "O Allah, glory be to You our Lord and praise be to You, O Allah, forgive me." He said: "Glorified be Allah, the Lord of angels and the Ruh (i.e. Jibril)."
11- Then raised his head saying: "Allahu Akbar"
without lifting his hands. Then he would sit on his left foot , spread
the right one, placing his hands on his thighs, place his arms on his
thighs, placing his hands on his knees, and would contract two of his
fingers making a circle, then would raise his forefinger at supplication
and moving it, then would say: "O Allah, forgive my sins, bestow mercy on me, enrich me, guide me, and grant me sustenance."
12- The Prophet's guidance was to lengthen sitting (between two prostrations) as long as the prostration itself.
13-
Then stood up on his feet toes leaning on his thighs. When he stood up,
he would start recitation without pausing as he did in the supplication
recited at the beginning of Salah. Then he would do as he did in the
first Rak`ah except in four things: Silence, the supplication recited at the beginning of Salah, Takbirat Al Ihram (Saying Allahu Akbar at the beginning of Salah), and lengthening.
14- When he sat for Tashahhud,
he would place his left hand on his left thigh, his right hand on his
right thigh, and pointed with the forefinger which he used neither to
contract it nor shrink it but would bend it slightly, moving it while
shrinking the little and the ring fingers, making a circle with his
Thumb, and raising the forefinger at supplication and looking at it.
15- He used to say Tashahhud in that session and instructed his Companions to say: "Salutations
are for Allah. All acts of worship and good deeds are for Him. Peace,
mercy, and blessings of Allah be upon you O Prophet. Peace be upon us
and all of Allah's righteous servants. I bear witness that none has the
right to be worshipped except of Allah and I bear witness that Muhammad
is His slave and Messenger." He used to lighten it as if he was
performing Salah on hot pebbles, then standing up on the toes of his
feet and his knees, leaning against his thighs. He used to raise his
hand in that position then would recite Al Fatihah alone and perhaps he may recite another Surah along with Al Fatihah in the last two Rak`ahs.
16- When the Prophet (peace be upon him) sat for the final Tashahhud, he would use Tawarruk[4].
He would place his left foot under his thigh and spread out the right one and sometimes he would sit on it.
He would place his right hand on his right thigh, shrink three fingers and spread the forefinger.
He used to supplicate in his Salah saying: "O
Allah, I take refuge in You from the punishment of the grave, from the
evil affliction of the Anti Christ, and from the trials of life and
death. O Allah, I take refuge in You from sin and Maghram."[5].
Then he used to end Salah first at his right hand side saying: "peace be upon you" then at his left.
17- Moreover,
he commanded the one who offer Salah to take a partition even if he
would put an arrow or a stick. He used to insert his spear during travel
in the ground and would offer Salah and sometimes he would offer Salah
to his mount, and would place his saddle and offer Salah to it.
18- When he offered Salah near a wall, he would make a distance of a sheep passage and did not stay away but would draw near to the partition.
C- The Prophet's guidance regarding his actions during Salah[6]:
1- It was not part of his Sunnah to look around during Salah.
2- It was not part of his Sunnah to close his eyes during Salah.
3-
When he stood up for Salah, he would lower his head. When he entered
Salah with the intention of lengthening it and heard the cry of a baby,
he would lighten it for fear that the cry will distract his mother.
4- He used to perform Salah while carrying Umamah his
granddaughter on his shoulder: when he stood up, he would carry her but
when he bowed down or prostrated, he would place her down.
5- He used to perform Salah while Al Hasan and Al Husayn riding on his back, therefore, he would lengthen prostration for fear that they would fall.
6- He used to perform Salah and when `A'ishah would come and knock the door, he would walk and open the door for her, then he would return to his praying place.
7- He used to answer salutation by gesture.
8- He used to blow, cry, clearing his throat during Salah.
9-
He used to perform Salah sometimes bare-footed and sometimes wearing his
shoes, and he instructed Muslims to perform Salah in their shoes in
disagreement with the Jews.
10- He was performing Salah sometimes in one garment and other times in two garments.
D- The Prophet's guidance regarding his actions after Salah[7]:
1- When he finished his Salah, he would seek Allah's forgiveness then said: "O Allah, You are the Peace and from You is all peace, blessed are You, O Possessor of majesty and honor." Furthermore, he sat facing the Qiblah as
long as saying this invocation then would move quickly to the people
who were led in Salah and he used to look at his right and at his left.
2- When he prayed the Fajr Salah, he would sit in his praying place until sunrise.
3- He used to say after each obligatory Salah: "There
is no deity but Allah alone without partner, to Him belongs all
sovereignty and praise and He is over all things omnipotent. O Allah,
none can prevent what You have willed to bestow and none can bestow what
You have willed to prevent, and no wealth or majesty can benefit
anyone, as from You is all wealth and majesty." There is no might nor power save in Allah, "There
is no deity but Allah none has the right to be worshipped except Allah
and we worship none except Him. For Him is all favor, grace, and
glorious praise. "There is no deity but Allah and we are sincere in
faith and devotion to Him although the disbelievers detest it."
4-
He instructed his nation to say after the end of each obligatory Salah:
(Glory be to Allah) thirty three, (All praise be to Allah) thirty three,
"Allahu Akbar" thirty three, and to complete one hundred, he would say:
"None has the right to be worshipped
except Allah, alone without partner, to Him belongs all sovereignty and
praise and He is over all things omnipotent."
E- The Prophet's guidance regarding the voluntary and supererogatory night prayer[8]:
1-
He used to perform all the supererogatory and voluntary prayers which
have no reason in his home, especially the supererogatory prayer of Al Maghrib.
2- He always kept to ten Rak`ahs in hometown: Two Rak`ahs before the Zhuhr Salah, two Rak`ahs after it, two Rak`ahs after Maghrib, two Rak`ahs after the `Isha' Salah at home, and two Rak`ahs before the Fajr Salah.
3- He kept to the supererogatory Salah of the Fajr Salah more than all other supererogatory Salahs and he never abandoned the supererogatory Salah of Fajr nor the Witr (an
odd number unit Salah) neither in hometown nor during travel. It was
not reported that he performed any supererogatory Salah during travel
but those two.
4- He used to lie down on his right side after praying the supererogatory Salah of Fajr.
5- He used to offer four Rak`ahs before Zhuhr and when he missed two Rak`ahs before Zhuhr, he prayed them after `Asr.
6-
He performed the most frequent of his voluntary Salah at night standing,
and sometimes while sitting, and sometimes sitting and when there is
few Ayahs left, he would stand up to bow down.
7- He used to pray eight Rak`ahs ending Salah after each two Rak`ahs. Then he would pray five Rak`ahs directly as Witr during which he did not sit for Tashahhud. He would pray nine Rak`ahs directly as Witr without ending Salah but after the ninth Rak`ah, then he would offer two Rak`ahs after the end of Salah or may pray seven Rak`ahs as Witr.
8- He used to pray Witr at the beginning of the night, its middle, and at the last portion of the night. He said: "Make the last of your Salah at night Witr."
9- He used to pray while sitting two Rak`ahs after Witr and if he wanted to bow down, he would stand up to bow down.
10- If he was beaten by sleep or pain, he would pray 12 Rak`ahs during the day.
11- One night he stood up praying and reciting one Ayah until the morning.
12-
Sometimes he would recite the Qur'an silently during the voluntary
Night Prayer and sometimes would recite it loudly; sometime he would
lengthen standing up and sometimes lightening it.
13- He used to recite Surat Al A`la in Witr, Surat Al Kafirun, and Surat Al Ikhlas. If he ended Salah, he would say: "Glory be to Allah, the King and the Glorified." thrice longing and raising his voice in the third time.
إرسال تعليق